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Upper Necaxa Totonac is a native American language of central Mexico spoken by 3,400 people〔2005 INEGI Census〕 in and around four villages— Chicontla, Patla, Cacahuatlán, and San Pedro Tlaloantongo —in the Necaxa River Valley in Northern Puebla State.〔Beck (2011a)〕 Although speakers represent the majority of the adult population in Patla and Cacahuatlán, there are very few monolinguals and few if any children are currently learning the language as a mother tongue,〔Lam (2009)〕 and, as a consequence, the language must be considered severely endangered. ==Phonology== In some respects, Upper Necaxa has a fairly typical Totonacan consonantal inventory, lacking a voice/voiceless opposition in stops and having the three lateral phonemes /l/, //, and //, although the lateral affricate // has largely been replaced by the voiceless lateral fricative //, persisting in word-final position in only a few lexical items.〔Beck (2004)〕 The Upper Necaxan inventory is also notable in the family in that it lacks a uvular stop /q/ but contains a robust glottal stop phoneme, derived historically from *q.〔Beck (2006a)〕 The loss of *q also resulted in the collapse of fricative + uvular sequences— *''sq'', *''q'', and *''q''—to ejective fricatives at the same point of articulation (i.e., ''s’'', ''’'', and ''’''). The vowel inventory is also somewhat different from most other members of the family, having full phonemic mid-vowels. Although most examples of /e/ and /o/ are conditioned, at least diachronically, by adjacency to // (historically, *q) and, to a lesser extent, to /y/ and /x/, there are nevertheless enough instances of both without the conditioning environment that the vowels have to be considered phonemic.〔Beck (2004)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Upper Necaxa Totonac」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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